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1.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol ; 13: 1233687, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37808915

RESUMO

Introduction: The human gut microbiota plays a crucial role in mental health through the gut-brain axis, impacting central nervous system functions, behavior, mood, and anxiety. Consequently, it is implicated in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. This study aimed to assess and compare the gut microbiota profiles and populations of individuals with bipolar disorder and healthy individuals in Iran. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from 60 participants, including 30 bipolar patients (BPs) and 30 healthy controls (HCs), following rigorous entry criteria. Real-time quantitative PCR was utilized to evaluate the abundance of 10 bacterial genera/species and five bacterial phyla. Results: Notably, Actinobacteria and Lactobacillus exhibited the greatest fold change in BPs compared to HCs at the phylum and genus level, respectively, among the bacteria with significant population differences. Ruminococcus emerged as the most abundant genus in both groups, while Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes showed the highest abundance in BPs and HCs, respectively, at the phylum level. Importantly, our investigation revealed a lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, potentially serving as a health indicator, in HCs compared to BPs. Conclusion: This study marks the first examination of an Iranian population and provides compelling evidence of significant differences in gut microbiota composition between BPs and HCs, suggesting a potential link between brain functions and the gut microbial profile and population.


Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Irã (Geográfico) , Bactérias/genética , Proteobactérias , Bacteroidetes/genética
2.
J Cell Mol Med ; 25(14): 6463-6469, 2021 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34014031

RESUMO

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common psychiatric illness with high prevalence and disease burden. Accumulating susceptibility genes for BD have been identified in recent years. However, the exact functions of these genes remain largely unknown. Despite its high heritability, gene and environment interaction is commonly accepted as the major contributing factor to BD pathogenesis. Intestine microbiota is increasingly recognized as a critical environmental factor for human health and diseases via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. BD individuals showed altered diversity and compositions in the commensal microbiota. In addition to pro-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α, type 1 interferon signalling pathway is also modulated by specific intestinal bacterial strains. Disruption of the microbiota-gut-brain axis contributes to peripheral and central nervous system inflammation, which accounts for the BD aetiology. Administration of type 1 interferon can induce the expression of TRANK1, which is associated with elevated circulating biomarkers of the impaired blood-brain barrier in BD patients. In this review, we focus on the influence of intestine microbiota on the expression of bipolar gene TRANK1 and propose that intestine microbiota-dependent type 1 interferon signalling is sufficient to induce the over-expression of TRANK1, consequently causing the compromise of BBB integrity and facilitating the entrance of inflammatory mediators into the brain. Activated neuroinflammation eventually contributes to the occurrence and development of BD. This review provides a new perspective on how gut microbiota participate in the pathogenesis of BD. Future studies are needed to validate these assumptions and develop new treatment targets for BD.


Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/genética , Eixo Encéfalo-Intestino/genética , Citocinas/genética , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Transtorno Bipolar/metabolismo , Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Transtorno Bipolar/patologia , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Barreira Hematoencefálica/microbiologia , Barreira Hematoencefálica/patologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Humanos
3.
Int J Mol Sci ; 22(7)2021 Apr 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33918462

RESUMO

The gut microbiota is the set of microorganisms that colonize the gastrointestinal tract of living creatures, establishing a bidirectional symbiotic relationship that is essential for maintaining homeostasis, for their growth and digestive processes. Growing evidence supports its involvement in the intercommunication system between the gut and the brain, so that it is called the gut-brain-microbiota axis. It is involved in the regulation of the functions of the Central Nervous System (CNS), behavior, mood and anxiety and, therefore, its implication in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. In this paper, we focused on the possible correlations between the gut microbiota and Bipolar Disorder (BD), in order to determine its role in the pathogenesis and in the clinical management of BD. Current literature supports a possible relationship between the compositional alterations of the intestinal microbiota and BD. Moreover, due to its impact on psychopharmacological treatment absorption, by acting on the composition of the microbiota beneficial effects can be obtained on BD symptoms. Finally, we discussed the potential of correcting gut microbiota alteration as a novel augmentation strategy in BD. Future studies are necessary to better clarify the relevance of gut microbiota alterations as state and disease biomarkers of BD.


Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Biomarcadores , Transtorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Transtorno Bipolar/terapia , Humanos
4.
Front Immunol ; 12: 789647, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34992606

RESUMO

Tetratricopeptide repeat and ankyrin repeat containing 1 (TRANK1) is a robust risk gene of bipolar disorder (BD). However, little is known on the role of TRANK1 in the pathogenesis of BD and whether the gut microbiota is capable of regulating TRANK1 expression. In this study, we first investigated the serum mRNA level of TRANK1 in medication-free patients with a depressive episode of BD, then a mice model was constructed by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to explore the effects of gut microbiota on brain TRANK1 expression and neuroinflammation, which was further verified by in vitro Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in BV-2 microglial cells and neurons. 22 patients with a depressive episode and 28 healthy individuals were recruited. Serum level of TRANK1 mRNA was higher in depressed patients than that of healthy controls. Mice harboring 'BD microbiota' following FMT presented depression-like phenotype. mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines and TRANK1 were elevated in mice hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. In vitro, LPS treatment activated the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors in BV-2 cells, which was capable of upregulating the neuronal expression of TRANK1 mRNA. Moreover, primary cortical neurons transfected with plasmid Cytomegalovirus DNA (pcDNA3.1(+)) vector encoding human TRANK1 showed decreased dendritic spine density. Together, these findings add new evidence to the microbiota-gut-brain regulation in BD, indicating that microbiota is possibly involved in the neuropathogenesis of BD by modulating the expression of TRANK1.


Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/imunologia , Eixo Encéfalo-Intestino/imunologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Depressão/imunologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Transtorno Bipolar/sangue , Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Transtorno Bipolar/patologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Linhagem Celular , Citocinas/análise , Depressão/sangue , Depressão/microbiologia , Depressão/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Transplante de Microbiota Fecal , Feminino , Voluntários Saudáveis , Hipocampo/imunologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patologia , Humanos , Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Microglia/imunologia , Microglia/metabolismo , Neurônios/imunologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Córtex Pré-Frontal/imunologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/metabolismo , Córtex Pré-Frontal/patologia , Cultura Primária de Células , Adulto Jovem
5.
Nutrients ; 14(1)2021 Dec 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35010912

RESUMO

A growing number of studies in rodents indicate a connection between the intestinal microbiota and the brain, but comprehensive human data is scarce. Here, we systematically reviewed human studies examining the connection between the intestinal microbiota and major depressive and bipolar disorder. In this review we discuss various changes in bacterial abundance, particularly on low taxonomic levels, in terms of a connection with the pathophysiology of major depressive and bipolar disorder, their use as a diagnostic and treatment response parameter, their health-promoting potential, as well as novel adjunctive treatment options. The diversity of the intestinal microbiota is mostly decreased in depressed subjects. A consistent elevation of phylum Actinobacteria, family Bifidobacteriaceae, and genus Bacteroides, and a reduction of family Ruminococcaceae, genus Faecalibacterium, and genus Roseburia was reported. Probiotics containing Bifidobacterium and/or Lactobacillus spp. seemed to improve depressive symptoms, and novel approaches with different probiotics and synbiotics showed promising results. Comparing twin studies, we report here that already with an elevated risk of developing depression, microbial changes towards a "depression-like" microbiota were found. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of the microbiota and the necessity for a better understanding of its changes contributing to depressive symptoms, potentially leading to new approaches to alleviate depressive symptoms via alterations of the gut microbiota.


Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Adulto , Animais , Bacteroides , Bifidobacterium , Transtorno Bipolar/fisiopatologia , Transtorno Bipolar/terapia , Eixo Encéfalo-Intestino , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/fisiopatologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/terapia , Faecalibacterium , Feminino , Humanos , Lactobacillus , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Simbióticos/administração & dosagem , Adulto Jovem
6.
Nutr Neurosci ; 24(3): 173-180, 2021 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31132957

RESUMO

Background: Convergent evidence implicates gut microbiota in human health and disease. Hitherto, relatively few studies have evaluated the gut microbiota profile in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) relative to healthy controls (HC). Methods: Fecal samples were collected from subjects (aged 18-65) meeting DSM-5-defined criteria for BD and age- and sex-matched HC without current or past history of mental or major medical disorders. Samples were sequenced using Illumina sequencing and association of specific taxa and co-occurrence of taxa with sample groups including the effect of diet was assessed using cluster analysis and analysis of communities of microorganisms (ANCOM). Nutritional composition was evaluated using the Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies (DQES v2) Food Frequency Questionnaire. Results: Forty-six subjects were enrolled (n=23 BD, n=23 HC). Cluster analyses did not identify any significant differences between BD and HC (p=0.38). Lower microbiota diversity was observed among BD subjects relative to HC (p=0.04). A greater abundance of a Clostridiaceae OTU was observed among BD subjects when compared to HC and of Collinsella among BD-II subjects relative to BD-I. Cluster analysis revealed that neither diagnosis (p=0.38) nor diet (p=0.43) had a significant effect on overall gut microbiota composition. Limitations: This study has a small sample size and insufficient control for some potential moderating factors (e.g. psychotropic medication and smoking). Conclusion: This study suggests that individuals with BD may have a distinct gut microbiota profile compared to healthy controls, with a greater abundance of Clostridiaceae and Collinsella. These findings need to be replicated in future studies with larger sample sizes.


Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Adolescente , Idoso , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Adulto Jovem
7.
Future Microbiol ; 15: 1621-1629, 2020 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33215524

RESUMO

Aim: The aim of our study was to investigate whether the retrotransposon human endogenous retrovirus (HERV)-K113 could be related with bipolar disorder or not. As a second and a preliminary aim, we also conducted bacterial screening in whole blood in a limited number of samples. Patients & methods: Three separate PCR reactions including the preintegration sites and sites within the viral sequences were performed for HERV-K113 detection. Bacterial screening was performed with SSCP/sequencing analysis. Results & conclusion: No difference was observed in terms of the frequency of retrotransposon HERV-K113 in Turkish bipolar disorder patients and healthy controls. SSCP/sequencing and alignment analysis for bacterial screening reflected the possible presence of different bacteria. We strongly recommend the broadened retrotransposon and microbial diversity analyses in bipolar disorder for future studies.


Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/virologia , Retrovirus Endógenos/genética , Retroelementos , Adolescente , Adulto , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Transtorno Bipolar/sangue , Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Retrovirus Endógenos/isolamento & purificação , Retrovirus Endógenos/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Microbiota , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Turquia , Adulto Jovem
8.
Neuropsychobiology ; 79(1): 43-49, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31722343

RESUMO

The gut microbiome is a complex and dynamic community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms that exist in a bidirectional relationship with the host. Bacterial functions in the gut play a critical role in healthy host functioning, and its disruption can contribute to many medical conditions. The relationship between gut microbiota and the brain has gained attention in mental health due to the mounting evidence supporting the association of gut bacteria with mood and behavior. Patients with bipolar disorder exhibit an increased frequency of gastrointestinal illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease, which mechanistically has been linked to microbial community function. While the heterogeneity in microbial communities between individuals might be associated with disease risk, it may also moderate the efficacy or adverse effects associated with the use of medication. The following review highlights published evidence linking the function of gut microbiota both to bipolar disorder risk and to the effect of medications that influence microbiota, inflammation, and mood symptoms.


Assuntos
Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologia , Antimaníacos/farmacologia , Antipsicóticos/farmacologia , Transtorno Bipolar/tratamento farmacológico , Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/farmacologia , Animais , Humanos
9.
Mol Psychiatry ; 25(1): 194-205, 2020 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30127472

RESUMO

Clinical studies frequently report that patients with major mental illness such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have co-morbid physical conditions, suggesting that systemic alterations affecting both brain and peripheral tissues might underlie the disorders. Numerous studies have reported elevated levels of anti-Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) antibodies in patients with major mental illnesses, but the underlying mechanism was unclear. Using multidisciplinary epidemiological, cell biological, and gene expression profiling approaches, we report here multiple lines of evidence suggesting that a major mental illness-related susceptibility factor, Disrupted in schizophrenia (DISC1), is involved in host immune responses against T. gondii infection. Specifically, our cell biology and gene expression studies have revealed that DISC1 Leu607Phe variation, which changes DISC1 interaction with activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), modifies gene expression patterns upon T. gondii infection. Our epidemiological data have also shown that DISC1 607 Phe/Phe genotype was associated with higher T. gondii antibody levels in sera. Although further studies are required, our study provides mechanistic insight into one of the few well-replicated serological observations in major mental illness.


Assuntos
Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/fisiologia , Esquizofrenia/imunologia , Esquizofrenia/microbiologia , Adulto , Animais , Transtorno Bipolar/genética , Transtorno Bipolar/imunologia , Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Feminino , Expressão Gênica/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/genética , Transtornos Mentais/imunologia , Transtornos Mentais/microbiologia , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Esquizofrenia/genética , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasma/patogenicidade
10.
J Psychiatr Res ; 113: 90-99, 2019 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30927646

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: To probe the differences of gut microbiota among major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder with current major depressive episode (BPD) and health participants. METHODS: Thirty one MDD patients, thirty BPD patients, and thirty healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. All the faecal samples were analyzed by shotgun metagenomics sequencing. Except for routine analyses of alpha diversity, we specially designed a new indicator, the Gm coefficient, to evaluate the inequality of relative abundances of microbiota for each participant. RESULTS: The Gm coefficients are significant decreased in both MDD and BPD groups. The relative abundances of increased phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and decreased Bacteroidetes were significantly in the MDD and BPD groups. At genus level, four of top five enriched genera (Bacteroides, Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Oscillibacter and Streptococcus) were found increased significantly in the MDD and BPD groups compared with HCs. The genera Escherichia and Klebsiella showed significant changes in abundances only between the BPD and HC groups. At the species level, compared with BPD patients, MDD patients had a higher abundance of Prevotellaceae including Prevotella denticola F0289, Prevotella intermedia 17, Prevotella ruminicola, and Prevotella intermedia. Furthermore, the abundance of Fusobacteriaceae, Escherichia blattae DSM 4481 and Klebsiella oxytoca were significantly increased, whereas the Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 = JCM 1222 was significantly reduced in BPD group compared with MDD group. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggested that gut microbiota may be involved in the pathogenesis of both MDD and BPD patients, and the nuances of bacteria may have the potentiality of being the biomarkers of MDD and BPD.


Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Metagenômica/métodos , Adulto , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Metagenômica/estatística & dados numéricos
11.
Psychoneuroendocrinology ; 101: 160-166, 2019 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30465968

RESUMO

Objectives The gut microbiome harbors substantially more genetic material than our body cells and has an impact on a huge variety of physiological mechanisms including the production of neurotransmitters and the interaction with brain functions through the gut-brain-axis. Products of microbiota can affect methylation according to preclinical studies. The current investigation aimed at analyzing the correlation between gut microbiome diversity and the methylation of the clock gene ARNTL in individuals with Bipolar Disorder (BD). Methods Genomic DNA was isolated from fasting blood of study participants with BD (n = 32). The methylation analysis of the ARNTL CG site cg05733463 was performed by bisulfite treatment of genomic DNA with the Epitect kit, PCR and pyrosequencing. Additionally, DNA was extracted from stool samples and subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing. QIIME was used to analyze microbiome data. Results Methylation status of the ARNTL CpG position cg05733463 correlated significantly with bacterial diversity (Simpson index: r= -0.389, p = 0.0238) and evenness (Simpson evenness index: r= -0.358, p = 0.044). Furthermore, bacterial diversity differed significantly between euthymia and depression (F(1,30) = 4.695, p = 0.039). Discussion The results of our pilot study show that bacterial diversity differs between euthymia and depression. Interestingly, gut microbiome diversity and evenness correlate negatively with methylation of ARNTL, which is known to regulate monoamine oxidase A transcription. We propose that alterations in overall diversity of the gut microbiome represent an internal environmental factor that has an epigenetic impact on the clock gene ARNTL which is thought to be involved in BD pathogenesis.


Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição ARNTL/genética , Transtorno Bipolar/genética , Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Fatores de Transcrição ARNTL/metabolismo , Adulto , Transtorno Bipolar/fisiopatologia , Ritmo Circadiano/genética , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Metilação de DNA , Depressão/genética , Transtorno Depressivo/genética , Epigênese Genética/genética , Epigenômica/métodos , Feminino , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Microbiota/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética
12.
Bipolar Disord ; 21(1): 40-49, 2019 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30051546

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: There is evidence that the gut microbiota plays a major role in the pathogenesis of diseases of the central nervous system through the gut-brain axis. The aim of the present study was to analyze gut microbiota composition in bipolar disorder (BD) and its relation to inflammation, serum lipids, oxidative stress, tryptophan (TRP)/kynurenine (KYN) levels, anthropometric measurements and parameters of metabolic syndrome. Further, microbial community differences of individuals with BD compared with healthy controls (HC) were explored. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of stool samples from 32 BD individuals and 10 HC. Laboratory parameters included inflammatory markers, serum lipids, KYN, oxidative stress and anthropometric measures. Microbial community analysis and correlation to clinical parameters was performed with QIIME, differential abundance analysis of taxa encompassed linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). RESULTS: We found a negative correlation between microbial alpha-diversity and illness duration in BD (R = -0.408, P = 0.021). Furthermore, we identified bacterial clades associated with inflammatory status, serum lipids, TRP, depressive symptoms, oxidative stress, anthropometrics and metabolic syndrome in individuals with BD. LEfSe identified the phylum Actinobacteria (LDA= 4.82, P = 0.007) and the class Coriobacteria (LDA= 4.75, P = 0.010) as significantly more abundant in BD when compared with HC, and Ruminococcaceae (LDA= 4.59, P = 0.018) and Faecalibacterium (LDA= 4.09, P = 0.039) as more abundant in HC when compared with BD. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that causes and/or consequences of BD may also lie outside the brain. Exploratory research of the gut microbiota in affective disorders like BD may identify previously unknown underlying causes, and offer new research and therapeutic approaches to mood disorders.


Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Transtorno Depressivo/microbiologia , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Biomarcadores/sangue , Transtorno Bipolar/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Transversais , Depressão/sangue , Depressão/microbiologia , Depressão/psicologia , Transtorno Depressivo/sangue , Humanos , Inflamação/sangue , Pacientes Internados , Cinurenina/sangue , Masculino , Triptofano/sangue
13.
Brain Behav Immun ; 75: 112-118, 2019 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30261302

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: An aberrant gut microbiota may be associated with a broad spectrum of diseases including mental illness. The gut microbiota is scarcely studied in bipolar disorder (BD). We examined the gut microbiota composition in patients with newly diagnosed BD, their unaffected first-degree relatives and healthy individuals. METHODS: Stool samples were collected from 113 patients with BD, 39 unaffected first-degree relatives and 77 healthy individuals and the microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. RESULTS: The gut microbiota community membership of patients with BD differed from that of healthy individuals (R2 = 1.0%, P = 0.008), whereas the community membership of unaffected first-degree relatives did not. Flavonifractor was present in 61% of patients with BD, 42% of their unaffected relatives and 39% of healthy individuals. Presence of Flavonifractor was associated with an odds ratio of 2.9 (95%CI: 1.6-5.2, P = 5.8 × 10-4, Q = 0.036) for having BD. When excluding smokers, presence of Flavonifractor was associated with an odds ratio of 2.3 (95%CI: 1.1-5.3, P = 0.019) for having BD. However, when considering the subsample of non-smokers only, BD and presence of Flavonifractor were no longer associated when adjusted for all possible tests at genus level (Q = 0.6). Presence of Flavonifractor in patients with BD was associated with smoking and female sex, but not with age, waist circumference, exercise level, high-sensitive C-reactive protein, current affective state, subtype of BD, illness duration or psychotropic medication, respectively. CONCLUSION: Flavonifractor, a bacterial genus that may induce oxidative stress and inflammation in its host, was associated with BD. Higher prevalence of smoking among patients with BD contributed to our findings, and it cannot be excluded that findings are influenced by residual confounding.


Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Fumar Cigarros , Clostridiales/metabolismo , Dinamarca , Família , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética
14.
J Formos Med Assoc ; 118 Suppl 1: S42-S54, 2019 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30262220

RESUMO

Growing evidence link gut microbiome to the development and maturation of the central nervous system, which are regulated by microbiota potentially through stress response, neurotransmitter, neuroimmune, and endocrine pathways. The dysfunction of such microbiota-gut-brain axis is implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, depression, and other stress-related conditions. Using affective disorders as our primary outcomes, we inspect the current evidence of microbiota studies mainly in human clinical samples. Additionally, to restore microbiome equilibrium in bacteria diversity and abundance might represent a novel strategy to prevent or treat mood symptoms. We reviewed findings from clinical trials regarding efficacy of probiotics supplement with or without antidepressant treatment, and adjuvant antimicrobiotics treatment. In microbiota studies, the considerations of host-microbiota interaction and bacteria-bacteria interaction are discussed. In conclusion, the roles of microbiota in depression and mania state are not fully elucidated. One of the challenges is to find reliable targets for functional analyses and experiments. Notwithstanding some inconsistencies and methodological limitations across studies, results from recent clinical trials support for the beneficial effects of probiotics on alleviating depressive symptoms and increasing well-beings. Moreover, modifying the composition of gut microbiota via antibiotics can be a viable adjuvant treatment option for individuals with depressive symptoms.


Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Encéfalo/microbiologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Transtorno Bipolar/fisiopatologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/fisiopatologia , Interações entre Hospedeiro e Microrganismos , Humanos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto
15.
Transl Psychiatry ; 8(1): 96, 2018 05 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29743478

RESUMO

The role of the human microbiome in health and disease is increasingly appreciated. We studied the composition of microbial communities present in blood across 192 individuals, including healthy controls and patients with three disorders affecting the brain: schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and bipolar disorder. By using high-quality unmapped RNA sequencing reads as candidate microbial reads, we performed profiling of microbial transcripts detected in whole blood. We were able to detect a wide range of bacterial and archaeal phyla in blood. Interestingly, we observed an increased microbial diversity in schizophrenia patients compared to the three other groups. We replicated this finding in an independent schizophrenia case-control cohort. This increased diversity is inversely correlated with estimated cell abundance of a subpopulation of CD8+ memory T cells in healthy controls, supporting a link between microbial products found in blood, immunity and schizophrenia.


Assuntos
Microbiota , Esquizofrenia/sangue , Esquizofrenia/microbiologia , Adulto , Esclerose Amiotrófica Lateral/sangue , Esclerose Amiotrófica Lateral/microbiologia , Transtorno Bipolar/sangue , Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Adulto Jovem
16.
Brain Behav Immun ; 70: 203-213, 2018 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29574260

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The infections Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), cytomegalovirus, and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV1) are common persistent infections that have been associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC, termed HLA in humans) region has been implicated in these infections and these mental illnesses. The interplay of MHC genetics, mental illness, and infection has not been systematically examined in previous research. METHODS: In a cohort of 1636 individuals, we used genome-wide association data to impute 7 HLA types (A, B, C, DRB1, DQA1, DQB1, DPB1), and combined this data with serology data for these infections. We used regression analysis to assess the association between HLA alleles, infections (individually and collectively), and mental disorder status (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, controls). RESULTS: After Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, HLA C∗07:01 was associated with increased HSV1 infection among mentally healthy controls (OR 3.4, p = 0.0007) but not in the schizophrenia or bipolar groups (P > 0.05). For the multiple infection outcome, HLA B∗ 38:01 and HLA C∗12:03 were protective in the healthy controls (OR ≈ 0.4) but did not have a statistically-significant effect in the schizophrenia or bipolar groups. T. gondii had several nominally-significant positive associations, including the haplotypes HLA DRB∗03:01 ∼ HLA DQA∗05:01 ∼ HLA DQB∗02:01 and HLA B∗08:01 ∼ HLA C∗07:01. CONCLUSIONS: We identified HLA types that showed strong and significant associations with neurotropic infections. Since some of these associations depended on mental illness status, the engagement of HLA-related pathways may be altered in schizophrenia due to immunogenetic differences or exposure history.


Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Antígenos HLA/genética , Esquizofrenia/microbiologia , Adulto , Alelos , Transtorno Bipolar/imunologia , Citomegalovirus/patogenicidade , Feminino , Frequência do Gene/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Haplótipos , Herpesvirus Humano 1/patogenicidade , Teste de Histocompatibilidade/métodos , Humanos , Infecções/genética , Masculino , Esquizofrenia/imunologia , Toxoplasma/patogenicidade
17.
J Psychiatr Res ; 99: 50-61, 2018 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29407287

RESUMO

Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are among the leading causes of disability, morbidity, and mortality worldwide. In addition to being serious mental illnesses, these disorders are associated with considerable systemic physiological dysfunction, including chronic inflammation and elevated oxidative stress. The advent of sophisticated sequencing techniques has led to a growing interest in the potential role of gut microbiota in human health and disease. Advances in this area have transformed our understanding of a number of medical conditions and have generated a new perspective suggesting that gut microbiota might be involved in the development and maintenance of brain/mental health. Animal models have demonstrated strong though indirect evidence for a contributory role of intestinal microbiota in psychiatric symptomatology and have linked the microbiome with neuropsychiatric conditions. We present a systematic review of clinical studies of microbiome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The published literature has a number of limitations; however, the investigations suggest that these disorders are associated with reduced microbial diversity and show global community differences compared to non-psychiatric comparison samples. In some reports, specific microbial taxa were associated with clinical disease characteristics, including physical health, depressive and psychotic symptoms, and sleep, but little information on the functional potential of those community changes. Studies also suggest increased intestinal inflammation and permeability, which may be among the principal mechanisms by which microbial dysbiosis impacts systemic physiological functioning. We highlight gaps in the current literature and implications for diagnosis and therapeutic interventions, and outline future directions for microbiome research in psychiatry.


Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Esquizofrenia/microbiologia , Humanos
18.
Brain Behav Immun ; 68: 56-65, 2018 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28965957

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: A growing literature supports the role of immune system alterations in the etiology of mood regulation, yet there is little population-based evidence regarding the association between persistent pathogens, inflammation and mood disorders among younger women and men in the U.S. METHODS: We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III on individuals 15-39 years of age assessed for major depression, dysthymia, and/or bipolar disorder I and tested for cytomegalovirus (N=6825), herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 (N=5618) and/or Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) (N=3167) seropositivity as well as C-reactive protein (CRP) level (N=6788). CMV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody level was also available for a subset of women (N=3358). We utilized logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between pathogens, CRP levels and each mood disorder overall and among women and men, separately. RESULTS: H. pylori seropositivity was associated with increased odds of dysthymia (OR 2.37, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07, 5.24) among women, but decreased odds among men (OR 0.51, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.92). CMV seropositivity was also associated with lower odds of depression (OR 0.54, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.91) among men, while elevated CMV IgG level was marginally associated with increased odds of mood disorders among women. Associations were not mediated by CRP level. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that persistent pathogens such as CMV and H. pylori may differentially influence mood disorders among women and men, warranting further investigation into biological and/or sociocultural explanations for the contrasting associations observed.


Assuntos
Transtornos do Humor/etiologia , Transtornos do Humor/metabolismo , Transtornos do Humor/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Citomegalovirus/patogenicidade , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/metabolismo , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/microbiologia , Transtorno Distímico/microbiologia , Feminino , Infecções por Helicobacter/metabolismo , Helicobacter pylori/patogenicidade , Herpes Simples/metabolismo , Herpesvirus Humano 1/patogenicidade , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/análise , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Fatores de Risco , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
19.
Rev Neurosci ; 28(7): 739-749, 2017 10 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28593878

RESUMO

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are among the leading causes of burden and disability worldwide. Despite intensified research efforts to improve the treatment options and remission rates in mood disorders, no disease modifying treatment exists for these disorders. Accumulating evidence implicates the involvement of the gut microbiota in processes relevant to etiopathology of central nervous system-based disorders. The objective of this article was to critically evaluate the evidence supporting the link between gastrointestinal microbiota and mood disorders and to discuss the potential benefits of using probiotics in the treatment of MDD and BD. The concept of psychobiotics, which is bacterial-based interventions with mental health benefit, is emerging in the field. On the other hand, while probiotics might potentially represent a significant advance, specific roles of microbiota in the pathophysiology of mood disorders still need further investigation along with intervention studies.


Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/microbiologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/microbiologia , Microbiota , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Transtorno Bipolar/dietoterapia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/dietoterapia , Humanos
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